NCE Purple Book Practice Test

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• In Piaget's formal operational stage, which cognitive development becomes prominent?
• According to the material, which gender is better at using feeling words by age 2?
• In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor that evolves primarily during which developmental stage?
• Multicultural counseling emphasizes understanding clients' cultures and:
• Which option best describes the focus of positive psychology?
• A client from another culture will speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.
• A counselor who practices depth psychology bases treatment on which concept?
• Who pioneered desensitization, a behaviorist technique used to reduce phobic reactions?
• In Erikson's integrity versus despair stage, looking back on life with few regrets represents which outcome?
• Allen E. Ivey postulated three types of empathy. Which trio is correct?
• Freud's greatest contribution was the conceptualization of the unconscious mind.
• In multicultural counseling, the term personalism refers to which concept?
• Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that these counselors are which of the following?
• In a person-centered therapy, which statement about DSM diagnoses is most accurate?
• Which theorist pioneered the use of a one-way mirror for observing children and is associated with maturationist theory?
• BASIC-ID is a multimodal counseling approach created by which psychologist?
• Which term describes the content of a dream as it is presented to the dreamer?
• If the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus, what happens?
• Adopting another person's attitudes or characteristics as one's own in order to feel closer to that person is known as which defense mechanism?
• Which statement best describes cross-cultural norms in seeking therapy?
• The human relations core for effective counseling includes which trio?
• An empiricist view of development would align with which approach?
• Very poor economic conditions have a high correlation with which behavior?
• Which scenario best demonstrates sex role stereotyping in counseling?
• In REBT, A is the ________, B is the ________, and C is the ________.
• Which statement about games is true?
• A statement accurately describes implosive therapy?
• Which term describes counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background?
• The statement 'All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different' is based on which viewpoint?
• The Bogardus social distance scale assesses attitudes toward which group?
• The blank represents the part of the Psyche that is logical and follows the reality principle.
• The term emic refers to what in cross-cultural counseling?
• What best describes an eclectic counselor?
• The personality types of the MBTI are associated with the work of which psychologist?
• A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of which defense mechanism?
• Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is a hallmark of which Piagetian stage?
• Which statement best describes the Adult ego state's primary function?
• Which statement best describes the D step in REBT's ABC model?
• Which apparatus did Eleanor Gibson use to study depth perception in children?
• In Erikson's psychosocial stages, the midlife crisis corresponds to which stage?
• Who is best known for imprinting, the instinctual behavior in which the infant follows the first moving object it encounters?
• Who believes aggression is learned?
• In intercultural counseling, therapeutic surrender refers to the client:
• A counselor uses biofeedback training to increase the temperature in the client's right hand to ward off migraines. Which device would be used?
• Where does counseling generally occur compared to consultation, according to the material?
• When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an avoidance-avoidance conflict.
• Which statement about trust and culture is supported by the material?
• According to the I-Thou relationship, the relationship is which of the following?
• The life position 'I'm OK—You're Not OK' is associated with which attitude?
• Culture is normative. What does that imply about it?
• In terms of parenting young children, which statement is supported?
• The frustration-aggression theory is associated with which researchers?
• Which Jungian archetype represents the overall pattern of the Self?
• Which trait is associated with good multicultural counselors?
• The Freudian developmental stage which 'least' emphasizes sexuality?
• In multicultural counseling, diagnosis should be approached in what context?
• TA therapists are most likely to incorporate which therapy in treatment?
• Mores are beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
• The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by which concept?
• A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by receiving an F in physical education because 'straight A students are eggheads.' This demonstrates which defense mechanism?
• Which researcher studied the impact of child-rearing methods on self-esteem?
• Which description best captures Gestalt therapy's core emphasis?
• All of the following statements about reality therapy are true except:
• Suppression differs from repression in that which is automatic or involuntary?
• The relationship between the therapist and client in reality therapy is most like which of the following?
• The founder of analytic psychology is Carl Jung.
• BASIC-ID stands for which combination of dimensions?
• The etic viewpoint is derived from the term phonetic, referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.
• The assertion that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities aligns with whose viewpoint?
• The organization originally formed as APGA and later became AACD by 1992 is now known as which association?
• Kohlberg notes how many stages of moral development and how many levels into which they fall?
• Who created transactional analysis?
• Which researcher conducted early studies showing that autonomic processes could be conditioned?
• The practice of embedding a message below conscious perception in advertising to influence behavior is called what?
• The counselor's request to 'tell me specifically what has made life so bad' demonstrates which technique?
• The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would progress ________ than the relationship with a Rogerian counselor.
• Which concept is not associated with Adler's theory?
• What is the term for the balance between assimilation and accommodation?
• In Erikson's theory, which stage is associated with adolescence and the development of personal identity?
• Multicultural counseling promotes which approach?
• Imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object.
• Kohlberg felt many people never reach this level of morality, where the person is concerned with universal ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights.
• Flooding is also known as what in recent literature?
• Trust versus mistrust is Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development.
• In behavior modification, ignoring the misbehavior to reduce its frequency is an example of which procedure?
• A man receives a nickel-an-hour pay raise but expected a dollar; he is furious yet nonassertive, and later yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This demonstrates which defense mechanism?
• Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ________ are to Glasser's choice theory.
• According to the Premack principle, what characterizes an efficient reinforcer?
• Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
• The cognitive therapist most closely associated with stress inoculation is
• Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that what must happen before moving on to the next developmental stage?
• John Bowlby is most closely associated with which concept?
• Which statement about ego defense mechanisms is true?
• The program to help counselors learn accurate empathy was created by:
• What is the most effective CS–US interval?
• Down syndrome is caused by which type of factors?
• Behavior modification strategies are based heavily on instrumental conditioning, while behavior therapy emphasizes which combination?
• Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Which level is characterized by obedience to avoid punishment?
• An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called
• Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of which theorist?
• Known for ideas related to adult cognitive development and dualistic thinking, especially college students.
• In Piagetian terms, conservation would most likely refer to which properties?
• Experts in multicultural counseling feel that counselor training should be which of the following?
• What term describes what the counselor believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint?
• Culture refers to which components?
• Which cognitive development theorist was criticized by Gilligan for gender bias?
• In the Little Albert paradigm, the fear response generalized from the white rat to similar stimuli such as a Santa Claus mask. This illustrates which phenomenon?
• According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor's statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as which type of error?
• Idiographic approaches examine what in depth?
• The statement 'the ego is dependent on the id' would most likely reflect the work of
• Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
• In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys, the baby monkey preferred which surrogate mother?
• The unconscious processes that minimize anxiety and protect the self are called what?
• Which is NOT evidence for the unconscious mind?
• Which of the following is NOT considered one of the core conditions for client growth in Rogers' theory?
• Sherif's Robbers Cave study demonstrates the effect of cooperative goals.
• Maslow's hierarchy includes higher-order needs such as
• Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote which book?
• How many levels of morality did Kohlberg propose?
• Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor's self-image are which of the following?
• Identify Erikson's first psychosocial stage and its approximate age range.
• Which cognitive dissonance reduction strategy is demonstrated when a counselor says, I couldn't care less about passing the NCE or licensing exam?
• Healthy communication transactions occur when?
• Perls suggested ________ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability.
• A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, 'Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?' This is an example of:
• Which Freudian structure is primarily responsible for reality testing and mediating between the id and the superego?
• In Harlow’s famous monkey experiments, frightened infant monkeys raised with cloth and wire surrogate mothers predominantly did what when frightened?
• Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development?
• Which statement about the therapist's role in Rogerian therapy is true, in contrast to directive approaches?
• Psychodynamic theories focus on ______ rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients.
• Neurolinguistic Programming was developed by which researchers?
• A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm describes what?
• The _____ is chaotic and concerned only with the body, not with the outside world. This is the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts.
• A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using what technique?
• Cultural relativism suggests that judgments of behavior can vary by culture. The statement below is:
• Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with which client?
• Which statement reflects a commonly held belief about attractiveness?
• In Gestalt therapy, the exaggeration technique primarily aims to increase...
• Which statement describes a first-degree game in transactional analysis?
• According to many counseling experts, counselors should be familiar with
• Which theorist is associated with the idea that cognitive development is influenced by social interaction and cultural mediation?
• Negative reinforcement involves what?
• From a Freudian perspective, a client with alcoholism and heavy smoking would be characterized as which psychosexual type?
• Which term describes the hidden meaning of a dream?
• How many chromosome pairs are present in a normal human?
• Which therapy emphasizes mindfulness and was developed by Marsha Linehan, used for self-harm and substance abuse?
• Which statement is NOT ethnocentric?
• According to F. H. Allport's concept of social facilitation, memorizing a list of numbers is done best when the person is:
• Stimulus generalization occurs when a response to a conditioned stimulus is elicited by similar stimuli. True or False?
• Among middle- and upper-class Americans, which counselor approach is preferred: a counselor who helps them work it out on their own?
• In group dynamics, after five members praise a group activity, the sixth member is most likely to report that he also found the activity helpful about what fraction of the time, according to studies?
• In classical conditioning, the automatic, unlearned response to a stimulus is called what?
• According to the material, which statement best reflects gender differences in abilities?
• John Bowlby argued that inadequate ____ and ____ in early childhood can contribute to later psychopathology.
• According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be which of the following?
• Which approach seeks universal laws of behavior that apply across populations?
• The behavior of a Japanese client who avoids direct eye contact during counseling is best described as:
• The saying 'it's like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window' describes which defense mechanism?
• When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they mean
• Which statement best describes the focus of gestalt therapy?
• The dog learning to salivate only to the chair's horn and not to others demonstrates what?
• A theorist who postulated stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence in a theory known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relationships.
• In the bystander effect, how does increasing the number of bystanders affect the likelihood that someone will help a person in distress?
• The term 'identity crisis' originates from the work of which developmental theorist?
• Who was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues?
• Systematic desensitization is a technique most closely associated with which therapeutic approach?
• Which statement describes the effect of ethnocentrism in the nuclear age?
• The 'Little Professor' is a form of which ego state?
• In Rogerian theory, which term describes the alignment between a client's internal experience and outward expression?
• Which statement about Piaget is true?
• In Piaget's theory, assimilation is defined as
• Which statement about Piagetian conservation is true?
• Which client would most likely engage in introspection?
• Which component is described as present at birth and related to primitive drives such as libido and hunger?
• Which option is NOT primarily indicative of national culture?
• Rogers asserted that how many core conditions are necessary for client change to occur?
• Which statement best differentiates psychodynamic counseling from classical psychoanalysis?
• Reality therapy posits that behavior is purposeful and motivated by the need to satisfy which of the following?
• The process by which a conditioned response weakens when the CS is no longer paired with the US is called:
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for age 65 and older?
• Ego psychologists believe in man's powers of ______ to control behavior.
• Which paradoxical technique did Adler use, requiring a client to exaggerate a feared behavior?
• Genuineness, or congruence, is the counselor's ability to be what?
• In applying the foot-in-the-door technique to a reluctant client, which action aligns with the two-step approach?
• Who developed REBT?
• Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles paradox as practiced by which figures?
• The remark “I'm Black and it's nearly impossible to hide it” illustrates which relationship between race and ethnicity?
• Therapeutic cognitive restructuring involves
• Piaget is a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.
• An advertising agency secretly embeds the word SEX into newspaper ads to influence readers without their conscious awareness. This illustrates which concept?
• Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as an authority figure.
• Gestalt therapy's name reflects which concept?
• Glasser felt the responsible person will have a ________ identity.
• Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the ______ world, the Mitwelt or the ______ world, and the Eigenwelt or the ______ world.
• The technique where an obese client imagines sickness after a high-fat meal, followed by a pleasant scene where eating is desirable, is called?
• Which statement is true about congruity theory?
• Which counseling approach has been noted for promoting cross-cultural understanding more than others?
• In Transactional Analysis, which ego state is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior?
• Known for strategic and problem-solving therapy, often utilizing paradox, and studying Milton H. Erickson.
• In Piaget's theory, at the concrete operational stage, children learn best through their own actions and experimentation. Which stage is this?
• Which psychologist is a pioneer of behavior therapy and is closely associated with the use of systematic desensitization and multimodal therapy?
• Freudians would say a child traumatized in childhood may ____ a given psychosexual stage.
• The literature suggests that empathy and trust are maximized when the counselor shares some background with the client.
• In Erikson's theory, which stage focuses on developing competence during school-age years?
• Which Piagetian principle best describes that infants learn primarily through interacting with their environment via reflexive actions during the first years of life?
• Which Piaget stage corresponds to ages 7 to 12?
• Which Freudian concept corresponds to the part of personality that tests reality and mediates between instinct and external world?
• In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as ________.
• Carol Gilligan was critical of Kohlberg's theory of moral development as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.
• In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
• Which statement best describes the openness of African-American ghetto clients according to the material?
• Which pair is traditionally associated with the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
• Which sequence lists the steps of systematic desensitization in correct order?
• Ethnocentrism can promote patriotism and national sovereignty but pose what danger?
• Which theorist is known for paradoxical techniques in strategic and problem-solving therapy?
• Freud's theory associates fixation at the oral stage with which personality type?
• What term describes the portion of a trait that can be explained by genetic factors?
• The statement 'bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not' aligns with Kohlberg's which level?
• Doing cross-cultural counseling has what effect on counselors?
• In gestalt practice, if a client is angry at his wife for leaving him and makes a suicide attempt, this is best described as retroflection.
• Which term describes the view that developmental changes are qualitative in nature?
• A client says 'It is difficult to get a job in New York City.' A gestalt counselor would be expected to...
• Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is
• According to Maccoby and Jacklin, the statement 'Males are better than females at mathematical calculations' is:
• Conservation and counting belong in which Piagetian stage?
• In cross-cultural counseling, which term is identified alongside national culture?
• In Piaget's theory, the stage known as Preoperational thinking is the second stage of cognitive development. Which term names this stage?
• Empathy is best defined as which of the following?
• Which statement accurately describes the Rogerian approach's emphasis?
• A young Hispanic male experiences discrimination, and the counselor says, 'I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.' This illustrates which coping approach?
• In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.
• In the topographical model, which level contains material that can be readily brought into awareness?
• Development is a continuous process that begins at
• In Wolpe's systematic desensitization, which measure is used to gauge the client's distress?
• Alloplastic coping involves
• In operant conditioning, reinforcers, whether positive or negative, have what effect on the probability that a behavior will occur again?
• Which Jungian archetype is the outward mask we present to others?
• Which pair created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy?
• A therapist who says to a patient 'Say whatever comes to mind' is practicing
• In Pavlov's famous experiment, the bell was the ________ and the meat was the ________.
• In the REBT ABC theory, the intervention at D leads to E; which option correctly completes both halves?
• Which pair would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight?
• The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
• The protest–despair–detachment sequence describes which theoretical framework's view of separation?
• Which statement best captures maturation theory's view on the development of behavior?
• The Piaget stage that spans toddlerhood through early childhood (about 18-24 months to age 7) is which?
• In Erikson's theory, which stage precedes integrity vs despair and focuses on guiding the next generation?
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 3 to 5?
• Regardless of culture, which trait is associated with the popular individual?
• Nomothetic approaches are used to study what?
• Congruence in client-centered therapy occurs when which of the following is true?
• Which of the following pairs are existentialists?
• In the person-centered approach, which combination of therapist qualities is essential to create an I-Thou relationship?
• A client with panic attacks is told to relax the jaw muscle for three minutes daily. This illustrates which approach?
• Ritualistic behaviors common to all members of a species are known as
• Freudian dream content types: the first is the dream as presented; the second is the hidden meaning. Which pair correctly names these two types?
• In counseling, which response best addresses a racist statement by a client?
• Representational thought is the ability to:
• Frankl is an existentialist. So are
• B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on which psychologist's law of effect?
• When discussing the past in reality therapy, practitioners focus on what aspect?
• Role-playing with a hierarchy of nonassertive situations is known by what term in assertiveness training?
• According to Berne, a life script is actually
• What term describes the weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
• Genuineness in counseling means which of the following?
• When the horns on two vehicles sound nearly identical and the dog shows erratic responses, the training can lead to what?
• Which statement about the five layers of neurosis is true?
• The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of ________.
• If a client holds an alloplastic viewpoint, he may believe the counselor is simply
• Which component of the psyche is described as chaotic, body-focused, and houses animalistic instincts?
• John B. Watson is best known for his work with which famous conditioned fear experiment?
• Which theorist is most associated with maternal deprivation?
• A client from another culture may speak differently to a counselor than to someone from their own background; this statement is typically considered true.
• Which technique is commonly used in gestalt therapy to explore inner conflict by assigning different roles?
• Which researcher is well known for maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys?
• In REBT, the core of emotional disturbance is due to
• Piaget's preoperational stage typically covers which age range?
• The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are based on the number of responses and the time elapsed. Which pair correctly names these classes?
• In general, clients prefer counselors who share what characteristics?
• Who is known as the father of American behaviorism and coined the term 'behaviorism' in 1912?
• When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as
• Which of the following age ranges corresponds to Erikson's intimacy vs isolation stage?
• Which concept is central to the bystander effect, explaining why individuals refrain from helping in crowds?
• According to Rogers, which environmental condition fosters positive development?
• Which statement best captures the distinction between culture and society?
• In a token economy, the token is best described as
• In counseling terminology, the word instinctual refers to behavior that:
• Which treatment approach emphasizes mindfulness and is commonly used for self-harm and substance abuse?
• Which phenomenon, associated with Konrad Lorenz, involves a newborn following a moving object and is crucial during a critical period?
• Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as what?
• Freud's theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
• In Mahler's theory, the symbiotic phase refers to the infant's absolute dependence on which caregiver?
• Existentialists focus primarily on which aspect of experience?
• Freudian concept of the life instinct
• Which approach supports cross-cultural understanding in intercultural counseling?
• Bibliotherapy is a form of what?
• Eleanor Gibson's depth-perception research focused on which group?
• A Japanese client who is reluctant to look you in the eye during counseling would most likely be displaying:
• In adolescence, _____ commit suicide more often, but ______ attempt suicide more often
• Freud believed that the development of the superego is accomplished by identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex. Which mechanism is this?
• Dream content in Freud's theory is most closely associated with which psychologist?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors that enhance interpersonal attraction?
• Eclecticism in multicultural counseling means
• During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old in Piaget's preoperational stage says, 'The rain is following me.' This illustrates which concept?
• In conditioning, the process of a light paired with a bell (the CS) eventually eliciting salivation is called what?
• A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match breaks his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by which defense mechanism?
• Which Piaget stage extends from adolescence into adulthood?
• In Jungian psychology, anima and animus refer to
• The cognitive distortion where a person views events as catastrophic and the worst possible outcome is called
• What term refers to the probable outcome in counseling?
• Critics assert that gestalt therapy ________.
• In operant conditioning, removing an aversive stimulus after a behavior increases the likelihood of that behavior. This is called:
• Which two cultural dimensions are identified as the counselor's primary concerns?
• Genuineness, or congruence, is defined as the therapist's what?
• Which statement best describes negative reinforcement?
• Id, ego, superego map to structural theory as ________ is to topographical theory.
• The word eclectic is most closely associated with which counselor?
• All of these philosophers are existentialists except:
• The term contextualism implies that behavior must be assessed in the context of which factor?
• In multicultural counseling, which term describes a perspective that analyzes client behavior using the client’s own culture as the reference?
• In the general US population, suicide rates tend to ______ with age
• Which statement about development is true?
• If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as which reinforcement pattern?
• A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores other features demonstrates which Piagetian concept?
• Ethology is the study of animal behavior in what context?
• A tall skinny pitcher of water is poured into a small squatty pitcher. A child says the small pitcher has less water. This illustrates a lack of which Piagetian concept?
• Which client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a Caucasian counselor?
• The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
• Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called
• Repetition of the client's statements verbatim when responding is known as:
• Who is known as the father of guidance?
• Which concept, pioneered by Lev Vygotsky, describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher and what they can accomplish with guidance?
• Attending behavior that is verbal is also called what?
• Which term best captures the belief that one race is superior to others?
• A novice counselor finds that clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that:
• In culturally sensitive counseling, how should eye contact be handled with clients from cultures where direct gaze is discouraged?
• The significance of the Little Albert studies is that phobias can be learned through conditioning.
• Which level of Kohlberg's morality is described as being concerned with universal ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights?
• Freud argued that morality developed from which component of the psyche?
• Beck's cognitive therapy differs from REBT in that dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad but not necessarily irrational.
• Which statement best describes the ego?
• Which stage follows the oral stage in Freudian theory?
• Which statement best describes empathy in counseling?
• Counselors who have good listening skills facilitate therapeutic surrender.
• Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him
• Berne proposed three ego states (P-A-C). Which two functions belong to the Parent ego state?
• To teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation, which feedback method would be used?
• The sleeper effect describes what memory pattern after some time?
• In reality therapy, the emphasis is on present behavior and actions that satisfy needs rather than on which of the following?
• Freud and Erikson could be classified as which type of theorists?
• Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for being too vague regarding techniques and procedures. This criticism contrasts with the criticisms aimed at behavior therapy for which reason?
• Rogers's approach is characterized as a(n) ________ approach.
• An Asian counselor says to an African-American client, 'If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system.' This is the ______ viewpoint for coping with the environment.
• Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are
• Which of the following is a biofeedback device?
• The tendency to affiliate with others is highest in firstborns and only children.
• Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of which researchers?
• A young child hides a toy and believes it no longer exists when out of sight. This demonstrates the lack of which two capabilities?
• The acronym NLP stands for which of the following?
• The phenomenon of responding to a stimulus similar to the CS is called:
• The counselor's verbal response to inconsistency (smiling but saying sadness) is known as
• In Piaget’s theory, which stage features the predominance of reflexes in driving thought and action?
• To empathize is easiest with a client who is similar to you.
• Equilibration is the balance between what one takes in and that which is changed. Which pair correctly completes this definition?
• Mitwelt is the ______ world.
• The content of the collective unconscious that is passed from generation to generation is known as
• Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is which defense mechanism?
• When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on which of the following?
• Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. What does the final step emphasize?
• Which is a form of the Child ego state?
• A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response.
• In reality therapy, behavior is viewed as a deliberate choice aimed at fulfilling what?
• Which factor more directly addresses resistance and is listed as helpful for surrender?
• The field most closely associated with Konrad Lorenz is which?
• Which statement best describes the function of the superego?
• Punishment tends to have what effect on behavior?
• Theorists who believe development consists only of quantitative changes are called what?
• What do most people believe about individuals perceived as attractive?
• Which researcher is associated with obedience to authority?
• Which event was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling?
• Imprinting is an instinctual behavior in which the infant follows the first moving object it encounters. Which option correctly describes this behavior?
• The term for learning through association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is known as:
• In REBT's ABC model, C represents the
• Sex-role socialization explains the development of gendered behaviors by shaping individuals through cultural expectations. Which option best describes this process?
• Which level in Kohlberg's theory involves reasoning based on social contracts and universal ethical principles?
• Which cognitive feature is demonstrated when a child believes the rain is following them?
• The organization formed by 1972 that contributed to cross-cultural counseling is which?
• Which theory specifically predicts a drive toward a balanced cognitive state?
• Which of the following is considered most threatening for clients and counselors in reality therapy?
• Which statement best describes the effect of reinforcers on behavior probability?
• Which of the following is a Jungian archetype?
• In classical conditioning, the natural stimulus that reliably elicits a reflexive response without prior learning is called what?
• Which step in systematic desensitization is conducted in real-life situations?
• When comparing girls to boys, which of the following is noted?
• The presence of an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government is most reflective of which concept?
• Reality therapy is most closely associated with which psychologist?
• In classical conditioning, the decrease of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus is called:
• Jung claimed men operate on the logos principle, while women operate on the eros principle.
• Which is Erikson's second psychosocial stage?
• In systematic desensitization, which component is practiced in the imagination before real-life exposure?
• When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference is interpreted as therapeutic resistance.
• The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as what?
• All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except:
• Cephalocaudal development means growth from
• Who is associated with adult cognitive development and dualistic thinking, especially among college students?
• Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring; which statements are true?
• Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by which concept?
• Which of the following is a recognized conflict type in Lewin's framework?
• A person refuses to acknowledge a distressing reality even when presented with clear evidence. This illustrates which defense mechanism?
• A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint is likely to believe the counselor is doing what?
• The peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during
• A male client attracted to a violent and chemically dependent woman creates which type of conflict?
• In a disaster response, which level of Maslow's hierarchy should be addressed first?
• Which of the following statements best describes the salad bowl model of diversity?
• Which of the following is true about the Adult ego state's primary function?
• The concept that culture provides standards of conduct reflects which property?
• Which term best describes pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an undesirable behavior to reduce its frequency?
• Johnny loves M&Ms; the school counselor instructs the mother to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after homework. This is an example of which concept?
• Which is NOT typically considered part of the human relations core for effective counseling?
• A client from lower social class may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.
• Which statement correctly describes the relation between race and ethnicity?
• Cognitive dissonance research primarily focuses on which of the following?
• In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by
• In 1908, books by _______ helped to introduce social psychology in America.
• The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the ______ principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such as libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst.
• Reality therapy originated from the incorporation of which theory, later renamed?
• A client recalls a past event after a long pause; this exchange illustrates the function of which mental store?
• The statement 'Whites are better than Blacks' illustrates which concept?
• Harlow’s monkey experiments showed that isolation in early months led to behaviors resembling:
• In Freudian theory, which stage comes after Latency?
• Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow's theories are described as epigenetic in nature, meaning each stage emerges from the one before it.
• Piaget estimated the concrete operational stage occurs roughly during which age range?
• Which book helped popularize transactional analysis besides Games People Play?
• Which two theorists who originally worked with Freud went on to found individual psychology and analytic psychology?
• Freud's Oedipus complex occurs during which psychosexual stage?
• Who conducted the primary work on imprinting?
• Which statement best reflects sex role stereotyping in counseling?
• The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ________, rather than ________ like the id.
• Who developed rational-emotive behavior therapy, teaching clients to think more scientifically and logically?
• Which statement best describes the Adult ego state's function?
• Instrumental conditioning is most closely associated with which psychologist?
• Which stage theory is psychosocial rather than psychosexual?
• Training a poodle to salivate to a toy horn, but the car horn also elicits salivation, demonstrates which phenomenon?
• Representational thought is typically mastered after object permanence.
• Which principle is associated with the id?
• Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as instrumental learning.
• Which psychologist proposed the stages of cognitive development including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational?
• Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable impulses to other people?
• Which statement best captures the core aims of Rogerian therapy?
• Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to which therapy?
• What does logotherapy mean?
• In studies of affiliation, which birth position is more likely to affiliate to reduce fear?
• In systematic desensitization, which step comes immediately after constructing the anxiety hierarchy?
• Rogers viewed man as positive when he develops in which type of environment?
• Which term refers to the energy of the life instinct in Freudian theory?
• Which statement is true of the person-centered approach?
• To diagnose clients from a different culture, the counselor ideally will need what?
• Which theorist argued that cognitive development unfolds primarily through educational intervention and social guidance rather than natural progression?
• The highest level in Loevinger's model of ego development is called what?
• A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eight stage.
• After a major purchase, people tend to seek information that confirms their choice and ignore contradictory information. This is best described as:
• A counselor working with a client from a different culture would most likely expect social conformity to be which of the following compared to a client from the same culture?
• Glasser's position on mental illness is that diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible. Which option best reflects this view?
• In REBT's ABC model, A represents the
• The term irradiation, used by Pavlov, refers to which phenomenon?
• Reality therapy has incorporated a theory later referred to as choice theory. Which theory is this?
• Which term describes reinforcing a response by presenting a favorable stimulus after the response?
• Existential counselors emphasize the client's
• According to social learning theory, aggression is learned through observation and imitation.
• Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client belongs to which of the following?
• Rogers's school underwent three name changes. Initially it was called ________, then ________, and in 1974 it changed to ________.
• According to social exchange theory, when will a relationship endure?
• In aversive or behavioral therapy, baseline is typically established by which method?
• The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are close proximity, physical attraction, and what else?
• Introversion and extroversion are associated with which theorist?
• Why do behavior therapists often shy away from punishment?
• Which psychologist proposed developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood through later maturity?
• In psychodynamic terms, positive transference is to love as negative transference is to which?
• Freudians refer to the ego as
• Which factor among the list is explicitly listed as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender?
• Gestalt therapy emphasizes ________.
• According to Levinson's Yale research, what percentage of men experienced moderate to severe midlife crises?
• Which concept pairs with Erikson's stages in the same way 'sensorimotor' pairs with Piaget and 'oral' with Freud?
• According to Piaget, reversibility is mastered in which stage of development?
• A counselor instructs her client to read A Guide to Rational Living by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of
• Which factor is most important to reduce counselor bias?
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 12 to 18?
• Which statement is true about Gestalt therapy?
• Which theory posits that behavior is guided by hereditary factors but requires environmental stimuli and neural maturity for expression?
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 18 to 40?
• In gestalt therapy, the term 'unfinished business' refers to
• Covert sensitization is typically used to address which type of behavior?
• Ethnocentrism is defined as using one's own culture as yardstick to measure all others.
• Shoulds and oughts are ________ according to Ellis.
• Which is NOT a form of the Child ego state?
• Which theorist would most likely say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
• Reality therapy is to Glasser as REBT is to
• A practicum supervisor who says to his supervisee, 'You can deal with your Asian-American clients the same as you deal with anybody else,' is espousing which viewpoint?
• For a geriatric client, which factors are the best predictors of retirement adjustment?
• Who is most likely to conform to peers?
• Which elements are related to a counselor's social power?
• In transactional analysis, TA therapists are likely to incorporate which therapy into their practice?
• Respondent behavior refers to which of the following?
• Which Freudian stage precedes Latency in the sequence of psychosexual stages?
• Which theorist emphasizes lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation?
• Counselors who are maturationists allow clients to work through early conflicts.
• In counseling, which term describes being real and authentic with clients?
• Which pair of publication years corresponds to Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life (1978) and Seasons of a Woman's Life (1997)?
• Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
• Who focused on ego development through seven stages and two transitions, with the highest level described as integrated?
• Which term describes the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, and happiness?
• Rudolph Dreikurs is recognized for being Adler's student and for discussing the use of group therapy in private practice. He was a student of which founder?
• Eric Berne is to Transactional Analysis as Fritz Perls is to Gestalt Therapy.
• What is the expected outcome for children when parents do not tolerate aggression in raising them?
• Which factor did neo-Freudians emphasize as important for personality development?
• A hallmark of Rogerian, person-centered counseling is which core stance?
• Levinson described a midlife transition in men commonly referred to as which of the following?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a Jungian archetype?
• Which statement best captures the relationship between culture and society?
• If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the
• _______ is associated with obedience and authority.
• The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 5 to 12?
• An African-American client tells a Caucasian counselor that things are 'bad' though she literally means something is good. The counselor's misunderstanding could best be described as a
• The process of integrating the beliefs or standards of others into one's own value system is called which defense mechanism?
• After purchasing a high-cost item, a person might reduce dissonance by focusing on consonant cognitions. Which option best describes this behavior?
• Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else?
• Classical conditioning relates to the work of which psychologist?
• In Wolpe's systematic desensitization for a flying phobia, what would be the first item in the anxiety hierarchy?
• Which concept is central to Adler's theory?
• What is the primary purpose of the Truax and Carkhuff program?
• The sleeper effect is a concept in which field?
• Marital satisfaction often ______ with parenthood and often ______ after a child leaves the home.
• The behaviorist generally feels that if it can't be __________ then it doesn't exist.
• What is the correct order of Freudian psychosexual stages?
• Early vocalization in infants across cultures is described as?
• According to Osgood and Tannenbaum's congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if
• Gestalt therapy emphasizes awareness in the here and now and may incorporate which drama-based technique?
• Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym for four hours daily and is taking massive doses of steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is
• Animistic causality in preschool children is best related to which Piagetian stage?
• When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called
• Which statement about diagnosis and culture is accurate?
• Which approach describes focusing on the client's social environment and early life experiences to understand behavior?
• In REBT, changing cognitions is also known as which of the following?
• The phrase misery loves company describes the motive to affiliate in order to:
• Two brothers scream at each other in a family counseling session. The phenomenon is best described as
• Adler's emphasis on social context suggests behavior should be studied in what kind of context?
• The statement 'Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction' describes Adler's theory.
• Which theorist is known for a constructive model of adult development emphasizing interpersonal development and the lifelong construction of reality?
• What is the correct order of Piaget's four stages from first to last?
• What is the most controversial aspect of Freud's theory?
• In a traditional culture that values authority, the counselor is expected to be directive with homework and advice. Which option best describes this expectation?
• Object permanence is the understanding that objects:
• Robert Kegan describes a 'holding environment' in counseling that helps the client do what in the face of a crisis?
• The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as a typing test is to which concept?
• A gestalt therapist is most likely to deal with a client's projection via which technique?
• Existentialism is to logotherapy as which is to behaviorism?
• In Sherif's Robbers Cave study, the important finding was that cooperative goals can reduce intergroup hostility.
• In Transactional Analysis, the three ego states are the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud's structural theory consisting of which three parts?
• Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:
• Piaget's stage in which children begin to apply logical operations to concrete objects is called
• What do critics of the Rogerian approach argue is sometimes needed after the initial counseling phase?
• Freud's model of morality is grounded in which psychic component?
• Which of the following best describes the relationship between poverty and aggression according to research?
• What is the Jungian term for the content of the collective unconscious that is inherited and shared across humanity?
• The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is:
• Sex role stereotyping in counseling could bias which aspects of client assessment?
• Which reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement after a fixed number of correct responses?
• Piaget's Preoperational Stage includes which development?
• Why have some behavioral scientists criticized Piaget's developmental research?
• The Freudian unconscious is best described as
• In operant conditioning, adding a desirable stimulus after a response strengthens the behavior. This is known as which concept?
• The development of a schema for permanency and constancy of objects occurs during which Piagetian stage?
• A master's level counselor takes an entry-level job in a warm climate; her office is not air conditioned, but she insists she likes this because sweating helps to keep her weight in check. This illustrates which defense mechanism?
• Mary Cover Jones is best known for her work in which area?
• Which technique would a TA counselor and a strict behaviorist most likely agree on when formulating a plan?
• In Mahler's theory, the infant's absolute dependence on a female caregiver during the early stage is described as the symbiotic phase. Which caregiver is this most closely associated with?
• Alfred Adler is associated with which branch of psychology?
• Which theorist is perhaps the leading figure in moral development and used stories to assess children's moral reasoning?
• Freudian death instinct
• Which statement distinguishes a cultural norm from a statistical norm?
• Ambivalent transference is most closely associated with which feeling?
• According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is what?
• In Kohlberg's framework, the progression of higher-level moral reasoning through stages is described as what?
• Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
• Critics contend that many aspects of Freud's theory are difficult to test scientifically, particularly the unconscious mind.
• Erikson's middle-age stage is generativity vs stagnation. Generativity refers to which of the following?
• Most scholars would assert that Freud's 1900 work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have
• ________ emphasized the drive for superiority.
• Kohlberg's three levels of morality are
• According to Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, after purchasing a very expensive item, a person would most likely:
• Ellis would likely doubt an animal study of psychotherapy because his theory emphasizes what human-specific process?
• Which archetype is described as the 'shadow' containing id-like material that is denied yet desired?
• The cognitive dissonance theory is associated with which theorist?
• In Piaget's theory, the concept that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if its shape changes is called what?
• Which Freudian structure is the primitive, instinctual part of the personality?
• The civil rights movement helped to abet the multicultural counseling movement.
• In the context described, the term instinctual means:
• In the 1920s, who developed the social distance scale?
• In cross-cultural settings, which statement about seeking help is true?
• In Kohlberg's levels of morality, this is the level where the child responds to consequences and reward and punishment greatly influence the behavior.
• In counseling, a paradigm is best understood as which of the following?
• Who is considered the founder of logotherapy?
• Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, 'I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter.' This is engaging in which defense mechanism?
• In Pavlovian conditioning, when the CS reliably predicts the US, what occurs?
• Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
• Counselors who work as consultants generally do what with respect to theoretical orientation?
• Erikson's first psychosocial stage occurs during which life period?
• Which is considered behavioral sex therapy?
• PKU, Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Hemophilia, and sickle cell anemia are all examples of
• To obtain direct feedback about muscle activity for relaxation training, which technique is used?
• Which statement best describes the difference between Pavlovian (classical) conditioning and Skinnerian (operant) conditioning?
• Elementary school counseling and guidance services began to gain momentum in which decade?
• A monolingual U.S. counselor is best described as someone who
• Using 'I' statements in Gestalt therapy helps clients shift toward what?
• Which theorist is most associated with cognitive dissonance theory?
• Which philosopher described the I-Thou relationship as horizontal?
• A counselor studying Native American cultures discovers there are over 560 federally recognized tribes and nearly 3 million Native Americans in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in which viewpoint?
• Which of the following is NOT identified as promoting therapeutic surrender?
• In Kohlberg's levels, this is the level where the individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and even the nation.
• Autoplastic coping refers to
• The sequence protest, despair, detachment is associated with which theorist's work on object loss?
• Which Piaget stage covers birth through approximately 18-24 months?
• The fear of death is greatest during which life stage?
• A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles has reached which stage and level in Kohlberg's theory?
• When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client experiences which of the following?
• The maturational viewpoint uses which analogy to describe the mind's development?
• A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite candy bar. The candy bar is
• Stage theorists assume
• Which type of conflict would Kurt Lewin classify as choosing between two prestigious PhD counseling programs?
• Which theorist is associated with social facilitation?
• The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-report instrument developed in conjunction with which therapy approach?
• Which psychologist is renowned for pioneering work on imprinting?
• An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying what?
• In Levinson's theory, women experience the midlife crisis approximately how many years earlier than men?
• Logotherapy is based on existentialism.
• Who developed systematic desensitization?
• In girls, the Oedipus complex is referred to as which complex?
• A literature review on videos and violence would conclude that exposure to violence tends to make children which?
• A counselor worried that applying techniques to stop a 6-year-old from thumb-sucking might lead to symptom substitution. This demonstrates what concept?
• Which Piagetian stage is characterized by symbolic thought but egocentrism, preceding concrete operations?
• Which trait is associated with an ana retentive personality?
• Which Eriksonian stage focuses on sharing your life with another person?
• Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby Jr. is to
• Which theorist proposed the eight-stage model of psychosocial development, including an eight stage called Integrity Versus Despair?
• Maslow studied exceptional individuals who escaped which concept?
• A stimulus used in conditioning can gain reinforcing properties if it is associated with a primary reinforcer.
• A client reports a tingling sensation in her hands whenever she talks about marriage. A gestalt therapist would probably encourage her to...
• Which statement accurately describes the latency stage in Freudian theory?
• The term referring to laboratory research using animals with the aim of generalizing findings to humans is which of the following?
• Which Freudian stage is associated with a period of dormancy of sexual feelings?
• In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents what?
• What is Erikson's psychosocial stage for ages 40 to 65?
• Which term best describes reinforcing a behavior by presenting a favorable consequence?
• In the drama triangle scenario, which sequence describes the progression?
• Psychoanalysis is described as both a form of treatment and a comprehensive personality theory. What else is it described as?
• In REBT's ABC model, B represents the
• When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions, this is called?
• Which educational theorist is credited with the zone of proximal development concept?
• Which term describes development that progresses through social interaction and cultural mediation?
• Which technique is Joseph Wolpe particularly known for in behavior therapy?
• Counselors can more easily advise clients from their own culture.
• An adept multicultural counselor usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.
• Balance theory postulates a move toward what cognitive state?
• A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as
• Is it possible for a client’s behavior to be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another?
• Aversive conditioning is a treatment approach that uses unpleasant stimuli to decrease a behavior such as smoking. Which option best describes this approach?
• Which of the following is NOT part of the counselor's social power?
• Which statement accurately differentiates positive reinforcement from negative reinforcement?
• Who coined the term positive psychology?
• Who proposed that the ego is dependent on the id?
• In cultures that value authority, the counselor should be:
• A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of what?
• In post-purchase information processing, which description matches seeking information that supports the chosen option while ignoring competing options?